Streptococciasis Disease

Streptococciasis Disease
Cause: Streptococcus agalactiae, S. iniae,

Bio - Ecology of pathogens:
• gram-positive bacteria, small round (cocci), joined
chain-like, non-motile, transparent and smooth colonies.
• Streptococcus iniae Infection often occurs in sea water fish farming (snapper, grouper), whereas S. agalactiae is more commonly found in freshwater fish farming (tilapia).

• The pattern of attacks are generally two types of bacteria are chronic - acute.
• Target organs of infection of Streptococcus spp. commonly found in the brain and eyes. so-called "syndrome, meningoencephalitis and panophthalmitis". The disease is frequently reported in intensive aquaculture systems, aquatic environment calm (stagnant) and / or recirculation systems,

• Cumulatively, the attack of this disease can cause mortality of 30-100% of the total population during the maintenance period: and this disease is a potential obstacle that must be anticipated with respect to intensification and improvement of national tilapia production.

Clinical Symptoms:
• Indicates abnormal behavior such as convulsions or spinning and prominent eyes (exopthalmus).
• decreased appetite, weakness, dark-colored body, and slow growth.
• Dark colors under the jaw, prominent eyes, bleeding, abdominal bloat (dropsy) or injuries that develop into ulcers.
• Occasionally. do not show obvious clinical symptoms except death continues.
• no directional movement (nervous) and bleeding on the gill cover (operculum).
• Often, too, found that the infected fish appear normal until shortly before death.

Diagnosis
• Isolation and identification of bacteria through bio-chemical tests.
• Detection of bacterial genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)


Control:
• Disinfection of aquaculture facilities before and during the maintenance of fish
• Prevention of early (seed) through vaccination anti-Streptococcus spp.
• Giving immunostimulan element (eg addition of
vitamin C in feed) are routinely during maintenance
• Improve overall water quality, particularly reducing the levels of dissolved organic material and / or increase the frequency of replacement of new water
• Management of fish health in an integrated (fish, environment and pathogens)

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Columnaris Disease

Columnaris Disease

Cause: Flavobacterium columnare or Fexibacterium columnare
Bio-Ecology of pathogens:
• Bacteria gram negative, small rod-shaped, movable slide, and there in freshwater ecosystems.
• The nature of these bacteria are grouped to form a collection such as the column.
• The attacks often occur in groups of fish after transportation.
• The nature of the attacks are generally sub-acute - acute, when the dominant gill as a target organ, the fish will suffocate and the resulting deaths could reach 100%.

Clinical symptoms:
• sores around the mouth, head, body or fins. Brownish white sores then develop into ulcers.
• infection around the mouth, looks like the lining of yarn (thread-like) so it is often called the disease "mouth fungus".
• All around the wound is covered by the bright yellow pigment.
• If the infected gills, damage starts from the tip of the gill filaments and spread to the base, filaments eventually rot and fall out (gill rot).

Diagnosis:
• Observation of microscopic preparations hanging drops (400x) to see the column on the target organ bacterial infection.
• Isolation and identification by bio-chemical tests.

Control:
• Avoiding the occurrence of stress (physical, chemical, biological)
• Reducing the levels of dissolved organic material and / or increase the frequency of replacement of new water
• Through immersion with some chemicals such as
✓ 0.5% kitchen salt or potassium permanganate 5 ppm for 1 day
✓ Acriflavine 5-10 ppm by immersion for several days.
✓ Chloramin B or T 18-20 ppm by immersion for 2-3 days.
✓ benzalkonium chloride at doses of 18-20 ppm for 2-3 days
✓ Oxolinic acid at a dose of 1 ppm for 24 hours

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Isopodiasis (fish disease)

Isopodiasis (fish disease)

Cause: Nerocilla orbiguyi, Alitropus typus, etc..
Bio-Ecology Pathogens:
• Isopod which is a blood-eating parasites 'blood feeder' relatively large size (10-50 mm), and its body consists of several segments that are equipped with a pair of eyes.
• infected at all stages of fish and most fish are susceptible to parasitic infections, especially in the fish scales.
• Sticking to the body surface of fish, in the mouth, nostrils or gill cover.
• Transmission occurs horizontally, and the trigger between
because of water conditions and high density.

Clinical Symptoms:
• Wounds and bleeding at the site of the bite, and this looks visually parasites attached to the body of the fish, especially under the scales or on the base of the fin.
• Loss of balance, weakness, and decreased appetite.
• Nekrosa the gill or skin tissue of fish.
• slow-growing fish, often resulting in death due to anemia or due to secondary infection by bacteria.
Diagnosis:
• Visually looks a parasite that attach to the body of the fish.

Control:
• shed the parasite in the container is limited to chemicals that contain active ingredients dichlorfos at concentrations 5-7 ppm for 60 minutes.
• After the parasitic loss, the fish was transferred to another container to prevent any secondary infection by bacteria in the parasite bites.
• Using the spot light at night to collect the parasite in one location, then elected to the net.


source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010