Pests and disease prevention in fish Catfish Sangkuriang

Pests and disease prevention in
fish Catfish Sangkuriang

Just like other fish, catfish sangkuriang not be separated from the threat of pests and diseases. Disease affecting sangkuriang catfish most often caused by environmental conditions that are less supportive, such as water quality (especially temperature) under standard or stress due to the fault handling sick fish. Meanwhile, the usual pests attacking sangkuriang catfish include snakes and eels, while organisms that attack pathogenic form Ichthiophthirius sp., Trichodina sp., Monogenea sp., And Dactylogyrus sp.
Poverty entry of pests of seedlings can be done by providing a recommended insecticide when filling the pond water, clean the pond dikes, and put plastic around the pool. Pathogenic organisms prevention can be done with the cultivation of environmental management is good and a regular feeding and inadequate. Treatment can use drugs recommended. environmental management can be done by doing a good pond preparation. If you need to improve the condition of pool water by adding a probiotic material.

Medical suclah fish disease can be done by giving the drug in accordance with the type of illness. Sometimes, a disease that attacks would rub off. To prevent this, there are several steps that can be done rescue as follows. :


- As soon as the fish catch and destroy the disease.
- Immediately move the fish are still healthy condition to the other and sanitize the pool. Reduce solid stocking.
- Do not throw water fish used to channel water sick.
- Drain the pond that had been infected by the disease, then clean the bottom of the pool of mud and organic ingredients. After that Do Calcification using agricultural lime (CaO) with a dose of 1 kg / 5 m2. Drying is done until the bottom cracks crack ¬-lime and stocking done equally, including in the dike.
- Recharge your new water into the pond periodically.
- Equipment and containers of fish caught must be kept so as not contaminated with the disease. Likewise with our hands, should be disinfected by washing them in a solution of PK. Disinfection of instruments made by dipping into a solution of potassium permanganate (PK) 20 ppm (1 g in 50 liters of water) or 0.5 ppm chlorine solution (0.5 g in 1 m3 of water).
- Provide a highly nutritious feed and increase the fish immune system by providing vitamins.

Source: Khairul Amri, S. Pi, M. Si and Khairuman, SP Agromedia Pustaka, 2008

The history and origins of tilapia fish in Indonesia

The history and origins of tilapia fish in Indonesia

Nila fish was first imported from Taiwan to Bogor (Center Fresh Water Fisheries Research) in 1969. A year later, these fish begin to cast to some areas. Indigo naming provisions under the Director General of Fisheries in 1972. The name is taken from this fish species narna, namely nilotica which is then converted into. Name nilotica showed these fish homelands, namely the river

These fish are naturally migrating from its original habitat in the river Nile in Uganda (the upper reaches of the Nile) to the south past kw Raft and Lake Tanganyika to Egypt (along the River Nile). Nila also found in Africa, central and western parts. Largest population is found in fish ponds in Chad and Nigeria. With human intervention, today tilapia has spread around the world starting from the continent of Africa, America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.
Classification
Initially, indigo included in Tilapia nilotica species or tilapia fish from groups that do not lay eggs and larvae in the mouth of its mother. In its development, fisheries experts to rank the species or groups Sorotherodon niloticus tilapia fish that lay eggs and larvae in the mouth of male and female parent. Finally, note that the incubating eggs and larvae ¬ in the mouth of the female parent only. Fisheries experts later determined that the proper scientific name for this fish is or Oreochromis niloticus Oreochromis sp. The following classification more indigo.

Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Pisces
Subclass: Acanthopterigii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Cichlidae
Genus: Oreochromis
Species: Oreochromis niloticus
Foreign Name: nile tilapia
Local Name: nila

Source: Khairul Amri, S. Pi, M. Si and Khairuman, SP, Agromedia Pustaka, 2008

Prawns

Prawns

Prawns (Macrobranchium rosenbergii), including one of the leading commodity fisheries freshwater cultivation of high economic value, but has not developed to its optimum. Currently, besides local prawns are usually cultivated farmers, high yielding varieties also known as prawns gimacro (genetic improvement of macrobranchium rosenbergii) with a faster growth rate and form karapasnya smaller than the size of local prawns karapas that contain meat more.

At the age of five months, the body length of male prawns gimacro reach 38 cm in body weight reached 480 grams per fish. Meanwhile, in the same period, the length of the body of local prawns reaching only 25-28 cm in body weight of only 200 grams per fish. In fact, the maximum size of local prawns ever found in the wild only 300 grams per tail. That's why gimacro prawns prawns known as super because pertumbuhanya very quickly.

prawns added value options when maintenance is relatively brief, lasting from 3 to 5 months. Production level is high, to reach 2 - 5 tons per hectare per crop cycle, from solid tergamtng tebar and technology used. Another advantage prawns survival reaches 80-85% or the death rate not more than 20%
source: Khairul Amri, S. Pi, M. Si and Khairuman, SP, AgroMedia Pustaka, 2008

FISH NILEM (Osteochilus hasselti)

FISH NILEM

Fish Nilem (Osteochilus hasselti) many maintained mainly by farmers in Sumatra (West Sumatra in particular) and in the region of West Java Priangan). In its original habitat, these fish are found living wild in public waters, especially in rivers that have current and water was clear. It also can be found living in a swamp. Nilem known for having a sense of meat and eggs is very tasty. In the area of Sumatra, this fish is often cooked by baking or following dipangek eggs.
Classification
Phyllum: cordata
Class: Pisces
Order: Ostariphysii
Family: Cyprinidae
Genus: osteochilus,
Species: osteochilus hasselti,

Foreign Name: nilem carp, silver shrakminnow
Local Name: Wader nilem or Java), fish or pawas palau (Sumatra), brackish or pujan (Borneo)



b. Morphological characteristics
Nilem elongated body shape and flat. There are two pairs of whiskers on his head. Abdomen reddish color and a greenish brown color back. Color tail fins, anus, and abdomen reddish. Body size of adult fish to reach a maximum length of 35 cm.
Source: Khairul Amri, S. Pi, M. Si and Khairuman, SP, Agromedia Pustaka, 2008

Classification of fish catfish

Classification of fish catfish

At least there are two kinds of catfish are popular and widely grown in cultivation ponds, namely local catfish and catfish Siamese. Here is the classification of each type of catfish it.
- Patin Siam
Phyllum: Chordata
Class: Pisces
Order: Siluriformes
Suborder: Siluroidea
Family: Pangasiidae
Genus: Periopthalmus
Species: Periopthalmus sutchi, or Pangasius sutchi, or Pangasius hypothalmus.
Foreign Name: thai catfish, stripped catfish
Local Name: catfish bangkok, bangkok catfish, Siamese Jambal
- Patin Jambal
Phyllum: Chordata
Class: Pisces
Order: Siluriformes
Sub-order: Siluroidea
Family: Pangasiidae
Genus: Pangasius
Species: Pangasius djambal, or pongosius Pangasius, or Pangasius spp_
Foreign Name: schilbeid catfish
Local Name: Jambal catfish, catfish kipar

source: Khairul Amri, S.Pi. M. Si and Khairuman, S.P, AgroMedia Pustaka, 2008.

Catfish fish morphology

Catfish fish morphology.

catfish fish is one type of fish from catfish groups. The length of adult catfish reached 120 cm. This body size is a measure of body belonging to the fish catfish species. Elongated shape with a dominant color such as silver glittery white on the back and bluish. Body color silvery glow very bright as a child, so many people who keep the aquarium as ornamental fish. This silver color will fade after the larger catfish.

Just like other catfish, catfish do not have the stature aka slippery scales. Form a relatively small head. Her mouth is located at the lower end of the head. In the corner of his mouth are two pairs of whiskers that serves as a search tool feed and tentacle while swimming. At the back there are fins with a strong fingers that can turn into shaft. soft fingers fruit numbered 6-7.
form symmetrical forked tail fin. In the pectoral fin is 12-13 fingers - fingers soft and one hard fingers that function as shaft. Anus fin length, consisting of 30-33 soft radius. Meanwhile, in the belly fins are 6 soft fingers.

source: Khairul Amri, S.Pi. M. Si and Khairuman, S.P, AgroMedia Pustaka, 2008.

Living Conditions and Life Habits patin

Living Conditions and Life Habits

Patin very tolerant of acidity (pH) of water. This fish can survive in waters with a degree of acidity is slightly acidic (low pH) to the alkaline waters (high pH) with pH 5-9. Oxygen content (02) solute needed for the life of catfish are 3-6 ppm. Levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) that can ditoleran is 9-20 ppm. The required level of alkalinity 80-250 ppm. Meanwhile, the optimal water temperature for the growth of catfish is 28-30 ° C.
In its original habitat, the fish is always hiding in holes. As fish nocturnal (active at night), a new catfish out of his hiding hole when it was getting dark. Other habits, this fish is more settled in the bottom-waters than appears on the surface of the water. Therefore, catfish is classified as basic water fish (demersal). This can be proved from the form of a broad mouth like the mouth of demersal fishes in general.
Naturally, catfish feed in the wild form of small fish, worms, detritus (pengurai microbes in the bottom waters), insects, crustaceans, mollusks, and seeds. Based on the various types of these pakannya, catfish are classified as fish-eating everything (omnivores).
The availability of natural seed of common catfish obtained at the end of the rainy season. Based on the research, it is known that fish memijah during the rainy season (November to March). Tool used to catch catfish in the form of seeds or seser nets. Arrest usually done during the wee hours, when the seeds of catfish swimming in the water clusters.
Source: Khairul Amri, S.Pi. M. Si and Khairuman, S.P, Agromedia Pustaka, 2008

Snakeskin

SEPAT SIAM
Snakeskin consists of several types, but the famous are only two kinds of sepat (Trichogaster trichopterus) long, 12 cm maksimuni his clan sepat siam (Trichogaster pectorahs) the maximum body length of 25 cm. Snakeskin first type is not cultivated, while sepat siam a freshwater fishery commodities mainstay widely cultivated.
Snakeskin Siamese inserted into Indonesia from Thailand through Malaysia in 1934. This fish had been cultivated for the first time in Indonesia in 1935. These fish are widely scattered throughout the territory of Indonesia in 1937. Not surprisingly, the Siamese sepat also found living in a swamp.
Siamese Snakeskin is an important economic fish is very popular used as salted fish. Siamese sepat menu is fried salted usually served as a vegetable side dishes complement the menu of popular tamarind in Jakarta and Java Bar • at. Therefore, this type sepat very widely known and cultivated in various regions in Indonesia.


Classification
Phyllum: Chordata
Class: Pisces
Order: Anabantoidae
Family: Belontiidae
Genus: Trichogaster
Species: Trichogaster pectoralis
Foreign names: snakeskinned gouramy, spotted gouramy
Local name: sepat siam
Morphological characteristics
Snakeskin Siamese similar to carp, but has a body size smaller. There are black spots in the middle of the stem tail, this fish lehingga called spotted gouramy. In addition, the color of his piebald like snake skin makes this fish is also named snakeskinned gouramy. Meanwhile, a nickname given because sepat siam than many in Siam, Thailand allegedly given because the shape of a larger body than other types Spat.
Eating Kehiasaan
Siamese Snakeskin is the original fish swamp, from the sweet-water marsh to brackish water swamp. This fish-eating fish belong to all (omnivores). Feed primarily plankton, algae, water plants, and small organisms that live in waters where he grew up.
source: Khairul Amri, S. Pi, MSI, and Khairuman, SP Agromedia library, 2008

Fish Tawes, java carp, silver barb

Tawes


Tawes including one type of freshwater fish are quite popular Indonesian society. Tawes is still small is usually processed into dried salted fish. The reason, this fish is relatively thin and contains little fat, so that when dried in the sun will quickly dry and not smell rancid. Meanwhile, large Tawes cooked in a fresh state for having the taste and aroma of delicious meat, in addition to Indonesia, Tawes can be found in Laos and Vietnam.
Classification
Tawes is one of the original fish that Indonesia country, many found on the island of Java. This is also the cause Tawes has the scientific name Puntius javanicus. However, transformed into Puntim gonionotus, and finally turned into Barbodes gonionotus. This Berikul complete classification.

Pyllum: cordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Cyprinidae
Genus: Barbodes
Species: Barbodes gonionotus
Foreign Name: java carp, silver barb
I
Local Name: Tawes, taweh or alum, lampam Java
Source: Khairul Amri, S. Pi, M. Si and Khairuman, SP Agromedia Pustaka, 2008

Production Methods for the Whiteleg Shrimp

The whiteleg shrimp is native to the Eastern Pacific coast from Sonora, Mexico in the North, through Central and South America as far South as Tumbes in Peru. This fact sheet produced by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations explains how the different systems of Whiteleg Shrimp production work.

Production

Production Cycle

Production cycle of Penaeus vannamei

Production System

Seed supply

Captured wild seeds were used in Latin America for extensive pond culture of Penaeus vannamei until the late 1990s. Domestication and genetic selection programmes then provided more consistent supplies of high quality, disease free and/or resistant PL, which were cultured in hatcheries. Some were shipped to Hawaii in 1989, resulting in the production of SPF and SPR lines, leading to the industry in the United States of America and Asia.

Broodstock maturation, spawning and hatching

There are three sources for broodstock P. vannamei:

• Where they occur naturally, broodstock are sea-caught (usually at 1 year of age and weighing >40 g) and spawned.
• Cultured shrimp harvested from ponds (after 4–5 months at 15–25 g), are on-grown for 2–3 months and then transferred to maturation facilities at >7 months of age when they weigh 30–35 g.
• Purchased from tank-reared SPF/SPR broodstock from the United States of America, (at 7–8 months of age and weighing 30–40 g).

Broodstock are stocked in maturation tanks in dark rooms supplied with clean, filtered seawater. Feeds consist of a mixture of fresh and formulated broodstock feeds. One eyestalk from each female is ablated, leading to repeated maturation and spawning. Females of 8–10 months of age reproduce effectively, whilst males peak at >10 months. Spawning rates of 5–15 percent/night are achieved, depending upon broodstock source. Females are either spawned in communal or individual tanks (to avoid disease transmission). The following afternoon, the healthy nauplii are attracted by light, collected and rinsed with seawater. They are then disinfected with iodine and/or formalin, rinsed again, counted and transferred to holding tanks or directly to larval rearing tanks.

Hatchery production

Hatchery systems range from specialized, small, unsophisticated, often inland, backyard hatcheries to large, sophisticated and environmentally controlled installations, together with maturation units. Nauplii are stocked into flat, or preferably 'V' or 'U' shaped tanks with a volume of 4–100 m³, made from concrete, fibreglass or other plastic lined material. The larvae are either cultured to PL10–12 in a single larval rearing tank, or harvested at PL4–5 and transferred to flat-bottomed raceways/tanks and reared to PL10–30. Survival rates to PL10–12 should average >60 percent. Water is exchanged regularly (at 10–100 percent daily) to maintain good environmental conditions. Feeding normally consists of live food (microalgae and Artemia), supplemented by micro-encapsulated, liquid or dry formulated diets. From hatching, it takes about 21 days to reach harvest at PL12. Care is taken to reduce bacterial/pathogen contamination of the larval facilities using a combination of periodic dry-outs and disinfections, inlet water settlement, filtration and/or chlorination, disinfection of nauplii, water exchange and the use of antibiotics or (preferably) probiotics.

Nursery

Most farming operations for P. vannamei do not use nurseries, but transport PL10–12 at reduced temperature either in plastic bags or oxygenated transportation tanks to the pond and introduce them directly. In some instances, nursery systems are used and comprise separate concrete nursery tanks or earth ponds, or even net pens or cages located within production ponds. Such nursery systems may be used for 1–5 weeks. Nurseries are useful in colder areas with limited growing seasons, where PL are nursed to a larger size (0.2–0.5 g) in heated tanks/ponds, before stocking into ponds. The use of super-intensive, temperature-controlled, greenhouse-enclosed, concrete or lined raceways have given good results in the United States of America.

Ongrowing techniques

Ongrowing techniques can be sub-divided into four main categories: extensive, semi-intensive, intensive and super-intensive, which represent low, medium, high and extremely high stocking densities respectively.

Extensive

Commonly found in Latin American countries, extensive grow-out of P. vannamei is conducted in tidal areas where minimal or no water pumping or aeration is provided. Ponds are of irregular shape, usually 5–10 ha (up to 30 ha) and 0.7–1.2 m deep. Originally, wild seeds entering the pond tidally through the gate, or purchased from collectors were used; since the 1980s hatchery reared PL are stocked at 4–10/m². Shrimp feed mainly on natural foods enhanced by fertilization, and once-daily feeding with low protein formulated diets. Despite low stocking densities, small shrimp of 11–12 g are harvested in 4–5 months. The yield in these extensive systems, is 150–500 kg/ha/crop, with 1–2 crops per year.

Semi-intensive

Semi-intensive ponds (1–5 ha) are stocked with hatchery-produced seeds at 10–30 PL/m²; such systems are common in Latin America. Regular water exchange is by pumping, pond depth is 1.0–1.2 m and aeration is at best minimal. The shrimp feed on natural foods enhanced by pond fertilization, supplemented by formulated diets 2–3 times daily. Production yields in semi-intensive ponds range from 500–2 000 kg/ha/crop, with 2 crops per year.

Intensive

Intensive farms are commonly located in non-tidal areas where ponds can be completely drained, dried and prepared before each stocking, and are increasingly being located far from the sea in cheaper, low salinity areas. This culture system is common in Asia and in some Latin American farms that are trying to increase productivity. Ponds are often earthen, but liners are also used to reduce erosion and enhance water quality. Ponds are generally small (0.1–1.0 ha) and square or round. Water depth is usually >1.5 m. Stocking densities range from 60–300 PL/m². Heavy aeration at 1 HP/400–600 kg of harvested shrimp is necessary for water circulation and oxygenation. Feeding with artificial diets is carried out 4–5 times per day. FCRs are 1.4–1.8:1.

Since the outbreak of viral syndromes, the use of domesticated disease free (SPF) and resistant (SPR) stocks, implementation of biosecurity measures and reduced water exchange systems have become commonplace. However, feed, water exchange/quality, aeration and phytoplankton blooms require carefully monitoring and management. Production yields of 7–20 000 kg/ha/crop, with 2–3 crops per year can be achieved, up to a maximum of 30–35 000 kg/ha/crop.

In the 'bacterial floc' system, the ponds (0.07–1.6 ha) are managed as highly aerated, recirculating, heterotrophic bacterial systems. Low protein feeds are fed 2–5 times per day, in an effort to increase the C:N ratio to >10:1 and divert added nutrients though bacterial rather than algal pathways. Stocking at 80–160 PL/m², the ponds become heterotrophic and flocs of bacteria are formed, which are consumed by the shrimp, reducing dependence on high protein feeds and FCR and increasing cost efficiency. Such systems have realized productions of 8–50 000 kg/ha/crop in Belize and Indonesia.

Super-intensive

Recent research conducted in the United States of America has focused on growing P. vannamei in super-intensive raceway systems enclosed in greenhouses, using no water exchange (only the replacement of evaporation losses) or discharge, stocked with SPF PL. They are thus biosecure, eco-friendly, have a small ecological footprint and can produce cost-efficient, high quality shrimp. Stocking 282 m² raceways with 300–450 0.5–2 g juveniles/m² and ongrowing for 3–5 months has realized production of 28 000–68 000 kg/ha/crop at growth rates of 1.5 g/week, survivals of 55–91 percent, mean weight of 16–26 g and FCRs of 1.5–2.6:1.

Feed supply

P. vannamei are very efficient at utilizing the natural productivity of shrimp ponds, even under intensive culture conditions. Additionally, feed costs are generally less for P. vannamei than the more carnivorous P. monodon, due to their lower requirement for protein (18–35 percent compared to 36–42 percent), especially where bacterial floc systems are used. Feed prices for P. vannamei range from USD 0.6/kg in Latin America and Thailand to USD 0.7–1.1/kg elsewhere around Asia; FCRs of 1.2–1.8:1 are generally obtained.

Harvesting techniques

Extensive and semi-intensive ponds are harvested by draining the pond at low tide through a bag net installed in the outlet sluice gate. If the tide does not allow harvesting, the water can be pumped out. In some larger farms, harvesting machines pump shrimp and water up to the pond bank where they are dewatered. Intensive ponds may be harvested similarly and small 2–6 man seine nets are dragged around the pond to corral shrimp to the side of the pond from where they are removed by cast or dip net or perforated buckets.

Partial harvesting is common in Asian intensive culture after the first 3 months. In Thailand, artificial sluice gates are temporarily installed inside one corner of the pond to harvest closed system ponds. Shrimp are then trapped in nets attached to this temporary gate when the pond is pumped out.

In super-intensive systems, the shrimp are simply harvested with large scoop nets when required for processing.

Handling and processing

If shrimp are sold directly to processing plants, specialized teams for harvesting and handling are commonly used to maintain shrimp quality. After sorting, shrimp are washed, weighed and immediately killed in iced water at 0–4 °C. Often sodium metabisulphate is added to the chilled water to prevent melanosis and red-head. Shrimp are then kept in ice in insulated containers and transported by truck either to processing plants or domestic shrimp markets. In processing plants, shrimp are placed in iced bins and cleaned and sorted according to standard export sizes. Shrimp are processed, quickly frozen at -10 °C and stored at -20 °C for export by ship or air cargo. Due to an increasing demand, no taxes and higher profit margins, many processing plants operate value-added product lines.

Production costs

Production costs vary depending on many factors. Operational costs for seed production averages USD 0.5–1.0/1 000 PL, whilst sales prices vary from USD 0.4/1 000 PL8–10 in China and USD 1.0–1.2/1 000 PL12 in Ecuador to USD 1.5 3.0/1 000 PL12 around Asia. Lower feed costs and higher intensity levels result in mean production costs for ongrowing of approximately USD 2.5–3.0/kg for P. vannamei, compared to USD 3.0–4.0/kg for more extensive P. monodon culture.